Response to George Berkeley’s Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philono

A Response to George Berkeleys Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous The following essay is a reception to George Berkeleys Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous, in which he argues that the Cartesian notion of substance is incoherent, that the raillery matter as Descartes uses it, does not mean anything. This essay is also about words as memories, and about the two fictional Marcels, young and old. Hylas is a Cartesian thinker, and Philonous is Berkeleys voice of reason. Words atomic number 18 like vesselsthey are hardly novel constructions of sounds empty of meaning until we fill them. They mean only what we discern in them, and nothing more. Words are only our impressions of themimprecise, indefinite, unclear. A single word suggests infinite shades of intensity or quality or connotation. They are variable, distinct in each era and dialect, even in each speaking. They are impossible to translate. Words are almost translations themselves. They are re-cre ations of other words from other languages and from their own. They are metaphorsdead because they have been carried across into alien languages, and dead because we no longer hear them. They are the memories of, and allusions to, what they once were. Words are instinctivethe fundamental expression of thoughts secondary to thoughts. They are, indeed, the translations of thoughts, the inexact and practical interpretations of them. They communicate. Words are infirm by nature. In the Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous, Berkeley knows words to be imperfect. His two speakers debate definitionsof skepticism, sensible things, substrata, matter, idea, spiritas principal points on which their arguments depend once Ph... ... Combray, Swann in Love, and Place-Names The Name, all of which are mentioned in the essays. Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy questions and defines knowledge and existence. Descartes too, uses a first-person voice, whom we called the Meditator. I t is the Meditator who goes through the method of progressive doubt and re-founds all knowledge on the basis of the cogitoThus, after everything has been most carefully weighed, it must finally be established that I am, I exist is necessarily true every snip I put it forward or conceive it in my mind. Berkeleys Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous is an argument between the Cartesian thinker Hylas and the Berkelean Philonous. In the first of these dialogues, Berkley argues that the Cartesian notion of substance is incoherent and that the word matter as Descartes uses it is meaningless.

Legalizing Marijuana Essay -- Papers Weed Drugs Legalization Essays

Legalizing MarijuanaWhy marijuana? Why legalize marijuana for recreational use? I theorise the question we should ask ourselves is ?why not Are there any benefits? Again, the focus is misplaced. The question should be how do the benefits of decriminalizing marijuana far outweigh the prejudicious aspects. Why was marijuana made penal in the first place? Marijuana is certainly not illegal due to health concerns, because if that were the case alcohol and tabacco would be illegal as well. The fact is Americans demand the freedom to pack. Freedom of choice is one of the basic principles this country was founded on. If that freedom of choice is the right to choose to indulge in vices that may be detrimental to one?s health, whether it be alcohol, tabacco or marijuana, than that must be a decision that we as Americans atomic number 18 able to make for ourselves. Why is the third most popular drug in the U.S., behind alcohol and tobacco, the only one of the three still illegal? It?s because most of the public is blind to the benefits marijuana?s decriminalization would bring. This narrow minded way of thinking is similar to the kind of paranoia that caused it?s banishment in 1937. Although legalizing the use of marijuana for recreational purposes would call for a greater sense of responsibility, it?s positive effects would have a profound violation on this nation.One of the largest and most costly problems concerned with this issue is overcrowded prisons. I think Nick Hexum illustrates it best when he sings, ?The war on drugs may be well intentioned-but it falls?flat when you stop and mention-the overcrowded prisons where a rapist gets paroled-to make room for a?guy who has sold-a pound of weed-to me that?s a crime? Although these are ... ...th Esq. affidavit before the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy and Human Resources commissioning on Government Reform U.S. House of Representatives, July 13, 1999 http//www.norml. org/recreational/testimony99.shtmlBibliographyGazzaniga, Michael S. ?An Interview With Michael Gazzaniga? The National appraise Accessed March 4, 2001 httpmembers.dencity.com/warmth/ Hexum, Nicholas ?Grassroots? 311, 1994 Capricorn RecordsJackson, Ted. ?Today, in Another Drug-Related www.intellectualcapital.com, accessed March 7, 2001.Stroup, R. Keith Esq. Testimony before the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy and Human Resources Committee on Government Reform U.S. House of Representatives, July 13, 1999 http//www.norml.org/recreational/testimony99.shtml

History and Identity :: essays research papers

History?History?Thesis Knowing ones history can change ones outlook on conduct through understanding ones identity.I. Having relationships is a great sales outlet for helping find ones identity. A.Relationships amidst p bent and child.B.Relationships between siblings.II. Love shows and teaches one responsibility, which help with understanding ones history and identity. A.Having love for oneself is a way for understanding ones identity.B.Having love for ones family shows that one has love for ones history and family values.III. Of all ways one can understand ones identity and history, knowing rough the generations in ones family provides understanding.A.The knowledge obtain from generations in ones family, brings understanding about ones history and family values.1What is it about life that is important? Many might say sex is important in life, others may say that having fun is what life is all about, few may say that is it knowing where one has come from. All of these thought ma y be right but in some cases what one knows about ones history make one a stronger person. Alice Walkers short story, Everyday Use,? shows just how important it is for one to know about ones history. Knowing ones history can change ones outlook on life through finding ones identity. In order to understand ones history it is important to have family values, which teaches the importance of relationships, love, and generation wisdom.Having relationships is a great outlet for helping find ones identity. A relationship between parent and child teaches respect. I did something I never had done before hugged Maggie to me, past dragged her on into the room, snatched the quilts out of Miss Wangeros hands dumped them into Maggies lap (70).? Not only do relationships teach one about respect it likewise teaches discipline. Having discipline makes one have a better character, it able one to become more in touch with oneself and ones history. Relationship amongst siblings is withal a way of finding and understanding ones history. This relationship shows one how to care for someone. If the relationship among sibling is not strong than it will river basin a family and stray away from family values. Maggie cant appreciate these quilts, shed probably be backward enough to put them to everyday use (70).? These quotes are prime examples of relationship. It 2also shows the importance in knowing and having relationships in order to understand oneself.Love shows and teaches one responsibility, which help with understanding ones history and identity.

A Historical View of the Victorian Governess Essay -- European History

A Historical View of the Victorian Governess Although the governess serves as the heroine in Jane Eyre, she was not a popular go in in Victorian England. The governess did not have a sociable position worthy of attention (Peterson 4). Aristocratic and middle-class Victorians were not even sure how to action the governess. She was from the same class, but her lack of financial stability made them view her as their inferior. Perhaps the clearest definition of the governess was stated by Lady Elizabeth Eastlake in the every quarter Review The real definition of a governess in the English sense, is a being who is our equal in birth, manners, and education, but our inferior in worldly wealth. constitute a lady in every meaning of the word, born and bred and let her father pass through the gazette (bankruptcy), and she wants nothing more to suit our highest dude ideal of a guide and instructress to our children. (qtd. in Peterson 10)The only time a woman of birth and education was ju stified in seeking employment was if she raise herself in financial distress, and had no relatives to give her support (Peterson 6). The position of governess was especially appropriate for a lady who sought employment because of the death of her father, or his financial ruin. It was considered appropriate because, while it was paid work, it was in the home. The governess avoided the immodest and unladylike position of public occupation. The position of governess would not cause a lady to loose her social position (Peterson 6). The employment of a gentle woman in a Victorian middle-class family served to reinforce certain values (Peterson 4). The governess was to teach the female children skills that would be attractive in marriage such as fluency in a forei... ...er employment for governesses. These organizations also provided temporary housing, insurance, and annuities for the aging governess. As for the life of a governess, perhaps Bronte described it best when she wrote to a f riend regarding his daughter. She claimed as a governess his daughter would never be happy (Bronte, On the Requirements, 274). Works Cited Bell, Millicent. Jane Eyre The Tale of the Governess American Scholar 65 (1996) 263-8. Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. Ed. Beth Newman. Boston Bedford, 1996. ---. On the Requirements of a Governess. Strong Minded Women & Other Lost Voices from Nineteenth-Century England. Ed. Janet Murray. New York Pantheon, 1982. Hughes, Kathryn. The Victorian Governess. London Hambledon, 1993. Peterson, Jeanne. The Victorian Governess. Suffer and Be Still. Ed. Martha Vicinus. Bloomington Indiana UP, 1972.

Colonialism and Africa Essay -- African Countries, Post Colonial Afric

IntroductionModern African states have several problems ranging from corruption, to armed conflict, to stunted structural development. The effects of colonialism have been offered as a start point for much of the analysis on African states, but the question of why African states are particularly dysfunctional needs to be examined, given(p) the extent to which they have lagged behind other former European colonies in many aspects. In the first section, I will consider the problems with African states from the aim of the state. That is, the nature of the states inceptions and the underlying flaws may explain some of the issues that have been associated with African states today. Next I examine the development of, or lack of, civil familiarity and the institutions which took place across the continent in the colonial era. In particular, I consider the lack of education and judicial authority and how this affected the formation of the structures which know in the post-colonial era. Lastly, the economic legacy of colonialism is analysed, and whether the failure of African states to prosper can be explained by colonial practices. State FormationEver since the boundaries of Africa were drawn up in 1884/5, very little has changed in terms of the continents territorial divisions. Much has been made of the fact that the post-colonial states which constitute Africa were the products of colonial demarcations, and whose territories are non congruent to be political and ethnic organizations. Ethnic conflict within states is an unfortunate feature of several African states, and one which undoubtedly retards development of any kind. There has been make out surrounding the nature of African ethnicities and whether they were synt... ...provision of education in the colonial period affected the ability to develop from within. The civil institutions were weak, and the judiciary unable to provide a balancing role to the central power of the state. Indigenous Africans were typically not allowed to rise to meaningful levels in the industrial complex, and the infrastructure was built only replete to serve the extraction of wealth. The small number of educated bureaucrats who previously prospered in their positions, found themselves as a new elite class in the absence seizure of the colonialists, and it was perhaps too difficult for them to change their behaviour after inheriting the state. In summary, it could be said that large portions of the inhabitants of the newly independent state had not entered into any sort of stable social contract by the organic process which had been the case for other societies.

polar bears :: essays research papers

Polar Bear, common name for a white bear found on the sea ice of the gumshoe throughout the North Polar basin. The only marine bear, it is longer than other bears and streamlined for aquatic life. It has the plantigrade feet (heel and sole touching the ground) typical of bears, with five sharp, turn claws on each foot for grasping the ice and holding its prey. Long hair between the pads protects the bears feet from the cold and provides traction on the ice. Stiff hairs on the forelegs, and really broad front feet, help the bear swim. All polar bears are white, although their fur may yellow in the summer.The largest wild bears ever weighedmore than 800 kg (1760 lb) run through been polar bears. However, most male polar bears weigh an average of about 350 kg (about 880 lb), and most females weigh about 250 kg (550 lb). Polar bears have a firm navigational sense, an extremely good sense of smell, and they are unusually clever at solving problems in order to obtain food. They devour primarily ringed seals, and occasionally bearded seals, walruses, or white whales. They also feed on berries, sedges, mussels, and kelp.As with other true bears, polar-bear mothers and young form strong bonds. The young are very small when born about 1 kg (about 2 lb). Their eyes remain closed for about 40 geezerhood and they must nurse every few hours. The mother holds them close to keep them warm. Except during the breeding season, male polar bears are solitary and roam all over vast expanses of sea ice while hunting. During the breeding season (May to June), the males fight furiously over females.

General Motors Corporation General Motors Corporation

familiar Motors is one of three leading automotive manufacturing companies in the United States. familiar Motors merupakan salah satu dari tiga perusahaan manufaktur otomotif terkemuka di Amerika Serikat. Based in naut mi in 1903 by Henry ford and grew to reach revenue of $150 billion and more than 370,000 employees by 1996. Berbasis di Michigan pada tahun 1903 oleh Henry ford dan tumbuh untuk mencapai pendapatan sebesar $ 150 miliar dan lebih dari 370. 00 karyawan pada tahun 1996. In the 1970s, the automobile market for the major auto makers General Motors (GM), Ford, and Chrysler- was crunched by competition from foreign manufactures such as Toyota and Honda. Pada 1970-an, pasar mobil untuk parity bit pembuat mobil utama General Motors (GM), Ford, dan Chrysler-adalah berderak oleh persaingan dari luar negeri manufaktur seperti Toyota dan Honda.In 1999, Ford acquired the Swedish Volvo model in an attempt to compete in the foreign market and expand to other regions. Pada tahun 1999, model Ford mengakuisisi Volvo Swedia dalam upaya untuk bersaing di pasar asing dan memperluas ke daerah lain. General Motors needs to use the business process reengineering for the information systems infrastructure to cut redundancies and requiring information process and the radio link among Ford centre in world wide.General Motors perlu menggunakan rekayasa ulang proses bisnis untuk infrastruktur sistem informasi untuk memotong redundancies dan memproses informasi membutuhkan dan link di antara pusat Ford di seluruh dunia. General Motors implemented a 3-year plan to consolidate their multiple desktop systems into one. General Motors mengimplementasikan rencana 3 tahun untuk mengkonsolidasikan beberapa sistem desktop mereka menjadi satu. This new process involved alternate the numerous brands of desktop systems, network Proses baru ini melibatkan berbagai merek menggantikan sistem

The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 8

As they hastened from the car to the secluded motel live, Elena had to put pressure on her legs to deliver them steady under her. As soon as the door to the room slammed shut, with the storm more than or less outside and her admit stiff and aching body inside, she headed for the bathroom without even turn on a light. Her clothes and hair and feet were all damp.The fluore bouquet lights of the bathroom seemed too bright after the darkness of the night and the storm. Or maybe it was the beginning of her encyclopaedism to circulate her Power.That had certainly been a surprise. Damon hadnt even been touching her, exactly the shock she had felt still reverberated inside her. And as for the popular opinion of having her Power manipulated from outside her body, well, in that respect reasonable werent words. It had been a breathtaking experience, all right. Even now just thinking slightly it made her knees tremble. al unrivalled it was more clear than ever that Damon precious not hing to do with her. Elena confronted her own image in the mirror and winced. Yes, she looked like a drowned rat that had been dragged backward a mile through the gutter. Her hair was damp, turning its silky waves into tiny wisps of curls all around her head and face she was as white as an invalid, and her blue eyeball were staring out of the pinched and weak face of a child.For just a moment she remembered being in even worse shape a few old age yes, it was only days ago, and having Damon treat her with the utmost gentleness, as if her bedraggled appearance had specifyt nothing to him. besides those memories had been taken from Damon by Shinichi, and it was too a great deal to hope that that might subscribe to been his objective state of mind. It had beenwhimlike all his other whims.Furious at Damon and at herself for the prickling behind her eyes she felt Elena turned away from the mirror.The other(prenominal) was the past. She had no image why Damon had suddenly deci ded to start jerking away from her touch, or to look at her with the hard cold eyes of a predator. Something had caused him to hate her, to barely be able to sit in the car with her. And whatever it was, Elena had to learn to ignore it, because if Damon left, she would have no chance of finding Stefan.Stefan. At last her trembling heart could find rest in thinking of Stefan. He wouldnt care what she looked like his sole concern would be for her well-being. Elena shut her eyes as she turned on the hot water in the tub and stripped off her clammy clothes, basking in her imagination of Stefans love and approval.The motel had provided a bantam plastic bottle of bubblebath, scarce Elena left it alone. Shed brought her own translucent-gold bag of vanilla bath crystals in her duffel bag, and this was the first chance shed had to use it.Carefully, she shook about a third of the beribboned bags crystals into the rapidly filling tub and was rewarded with a steamy blast of vanilla, which sh e drew into her lungs gratefully.A few minutes later, Elena was shoulder inscrutable in hot water covered with a vanilla-scented foam. Her eyes were shut and the warmth was soaking into her body. The softly disintegrating salts were easing away all pain.These werent ordinary bath salts. They had no medicinal smell, but theyd been given to her by Stefans landlady, Mrs. Flowers, who was a genteel elderly white witch. Mrs. Flowerss herbal recipes were her specialty, and right now Elena would swear that she could feel all the tenseness of the last few days being actively sucked out of her body and gently soothed away.Oh, this was just what she had claimed. Elena had never appreciated a bath like this before.Now, t heres just one thing, she told herself firmly, as she inhaled breath after delicious breath of vanilla steam. You asked Mrs. Flowers for bath salts that would relax you, but you cannot fall asleep here. Youll drown, and you already do it what that feels like. Been there, do that, didnt even have to buy the shroud.But even now Elenas thoughts were dimmer and more fragmented, as the hot water continued to relax her muscles, and the vanilla scent swirled around her head. She was losing continuity, her mind drifting off into daydreams. She was giving herself to the heat and the luxury of not having to do some(prenominal)thing at all.She was asleep.In her dream, she was moving briskly. It was only half-light, but she could tell somehow that she was skimming overmasterward through deep gray mist. What worried her was that she seemed to be surrounded by arguing component parts, and they were arguing about her.A second chance? Ive utter to her about it.She wont remember anything.It doesnt matter whether she remembers. Everything will remain inside her, if unawakened.It will germinate inside heruntil the time is right.Elena had no idea what any of it meant.And then this mist was thinning, and clouds were making way for her, and she was drifting down, mor e and more slowly, until she was deposited gently on a ground covered with pine needles.The voices were gone. She was fiction on a forest floor, but she wasnt naked. She was wearing her prettiest nightgown, the one with real Valenciennes lace. She was listening to the tiny night sounds all around her when suddenly her aura reacted in a way that it never had before.It told her someone was coming. Someone who brought a sense of safety in warm earthen hues, in soft rose modify and deep, blue violets that enfolded her even before the person arrived. These weresomeones imprints about herself. And behind the love and soothing concern she experienced, there were deep forest greens, shafts of warm gold, and a occult tinge of translucency, like a waterfall that sparkled as it drop off and foamed like diamonds around her.Elena, a voice whispered. Elena.This was so familiar.Elena. Elena.She knew this.Elena, my angel.It meant love.Even as Elena was school term up and turning in her dream, she was retention out her arms. This person belonged with her. He was her magic, her solace, her best-beloved. It didnt matter how hed gotten there, or what had happened before. He was her souls eternal mate.And thenStrong arms holding her tenderlyA warm body close to hersSweet kissesMany, many timesThis familiar feeling as she melted into his embraceHe was so gentle, but more or less fierce in his love for her. He had vowed not to kill, but he would kill to save her. She was his most precious thing in all the world. Any sacrifice would be worth it if she were safe and free. His life meant nothing without her, so he would gladly give it, laughing and buss his hand to her with his last breath.Elena breathed in the wonderful autumn-leaves scent of his sweater and was comforted. Like a baby, she allowed herself to be soothed by simple familiar odors, by the feeling of her cheek against his shoulder and the wonder of the two of them breathing to outsmarther in synchronicity.When she tried to put a name to this miracle, it was at the front of her mind.StefanElena didnt even need to look up at his face to recognize that Stefans leaf-green eyes would be dancing like the waters of a small pond ruffled by wind and sparkling with a thousand different points of light. She buried her head in his neck, afraid somehow to let go of him, although she couldnt remember why.I dont know how I got here, she told him nonverbally. In fact, she didnt remember anything before this, before awakening to his call, only jumbled images.It doesnt matter. Im with you.Fear seized her. This isntjust a dream, is it?No dream is just a dream. And Im with you always.But how did we get here?Shhh. Youre tired. Ill hold you up. On my life, I swear it. Just rest. Let me hold you just once.Just once? ButBut now Elena felt worried and dazed, and she had to let her head fall backward, had to see Stefans face.She tilted her chin back and found herself meeting laughing eyes of an boundless darkness in a chiseled, pale, and proudly handsome face.She almost cried out in horror.Hush. Hush, angel.DamonThe dark eyes that met hers were full of love and joy. Who else?How dare you how did you get here? Elena was more and more confused.I dont belong anywhere, Damon pointed out, suddenly sounding sad. You know Ill always be with you.I do not I do not give Stefan back to meBut it was too late. Elena was aware of the sound of water trickling and of tepid liquid sloshing around her. She woke up just in time to keep her head from going underwater in the bathtub.A dreamShe felt much more flexible and easy in her body, but she couldnt help feeling saddened by the dream. It hadnt been an out of body experience, either it had been a simple, crazy, mixed-up, dream of her own.I dont belong anywhere. Ill always be with you.Now what was gibberish like that supposed to mean? But something inside Elena trembled, even as she remembered it.She hastily changed not into a Valenciennes lace nightgown, but into a gray and black sweat suit. When she emerged, she was feeling overtired and lienal and ready to start a fight if Damon gave any sign of having picked up on her sleeping thoughts.But Damon didnt. Elena apothegm a bed, managed to focus on it, stumbled toward it and collapsed, flopping down on pillows that sank unsatisfactorily beneath her head. Elena liked her pillows firm.For a few moments she lay, savoring her after-bath sensations, as her skin gradually cooled and her head cooled as well. As far as she could tell, Damon was standing in exactly the same position as he had taken up when theyd entered the room.And he was still as silent as he had been since the morning.Finally, to get it over with, she spoke to him. And being Elena, she went straight to the heart of the problem.Whats wrong, Damon?Nothing. Damon stared out the window, pretending to be engrossed in something beyond the glass.What nothing?Damon shook his head. But somehow, his turned back eloquently conveyed his opinion of this motel room.Elena examined the room with the too-bright vision of someone who has forced their body beyond its limits. She contemplated beige walls, beige carpet, a beige armchair, a beige desk, and of course, a beige bedspread. Even Damon couldnt reject a room on the grounds that it doesnt match his basic black, she thought, and then oh, Im tired. And bewildered. And scared.Andincredibly stupid. theres only one bed in here. Im lying on it.Damon With an effort, she sat up. What do you demand? Theres a chair. I can sleep on the chair.He half turned, and she saw in the movement that he wasnt annoyed or playing games. He was furious. It was all there in the faster-than-the-human-eye-could-follow assassins spin and the complete muscular control that stilled it almost before it had begun.Damon with his sudden movements and his frightening stillness. He was looking out the window again, body poised as always forsomething. Right now it looked poised to jut out throug h glass to get outside.Vampires dont need sleep, he state in a voice icier and more controlled than shed heard since monotonous had left them.That gave her the energy to get off the bed. You know I know thats a lie.Take the bed, Elena. Go to sleep. But his voice was the same. She would have expected a flat, weary command. Damon sounded more tense, more controlled than ever.More shaken than ever.Her eyelids sank. Is this about Matt?No.Is it about Shinichi?NoAha.It is, isnt it? Youre afraid that Shinichi will get past all your defenses and possess you again. Arent you?Go to bed, Elena, Damon said tonelessly.He was still shutting her out as completely as if she werent there. Elena got mad.What does it take to show you that I trust you? Im traveling all alone with you, without any idea where were really going. Im trusting you with Stefans life. Elena was behind Damon now, on the beige carpet which smelled likenothing, like boiled water. Not even like dust.Her words were the dust. There was something about them that sounded hollow, wrong. They were the truth but they werent getting through to Damon.Elena sighed. Touching Damon unexpectedly was always a tricky business, with all the risks of setting off murderous soul by accident, even when he wasnt possessed. She reached out, now, very carefully, to put her fingertips on the elbow of his leather jacket. She spoke as precisely and unemotionally as she could.You also know that I have other senses now than the usual five. How many times do I have to say it, Damon? I know it wasnt you torturing me and Matt last week. Despite herself, Elena heard a certain pleading in her own voice. I know that youve protected me on this trip when I was in danger, even killing for me. That means a lot to me. You may say you dont believe in the human sentiment of forgiveness, but I dont think youve forget it. And when you know that there is nothing to forgive in the first place This has absolutely nothing to do with last weekThe ch ange in his voice the force in it hit Elena like a whiplash. It hurtand it frightened her. Damon was serious. He was also under some dreadful strain, not completely unconnected that of fighting off Shinichis possession, but different.DamonLeave me aloneNow, where have I heard something like that before? Befuddled, her heart pounding, Elena groped through memories.Oh, yes. Stefan. Stefan when they had first been in his room together, when he was afraid to love her. When he was sure he would cause her to be damned if he showed he cared.Could Damon be that much like the familiar he always mocked?At least turn around and talk with me face-to-face.Elena. It was a whisper, but it sounded as if Damon couldnt summon up his usual silky menace. Go to bed. Go to hell. Go anywhere, but stay away from me.Youre so good at that, arent you? Elenas own voice was cold now. Recklessly, angrily, she moved in even closer. At pushing people away. But I know that you havent fed this evening. Theres no thing else you want from me, and you cant do the starving-martyr bit half as well as Stefan Elena had spoken knowing that her words were guaranteed to incite a response of some kind, but Damons usual response to this sort of thing was to lounge against something and pretend not to have heard.What happened instead was completely outside the range of her experience.Damon whirled, caught her precisely, held her locked in an unbreakable grip. Then, with a swoop of his head like a falcon on a mouse, he kissed her. He was more than strong enough to hold her still without hurting her.The kiss was hard and long and for quite a while Elena resisted out of vaporific instinct. Damons body was cool against hers, which was still warm and damp from the bath. The way he was holding her if she put enough pressure on those particular points, it would hurt her maybe seriously. And then she knew he would release her. But did she really know what she knew? Was she prepared to break a bone to test it?He was stroking her hair, which was so unfair, curve the ends and crushing them in his fingersjust hours after hed taught her to feel things to the tips of her hair. He knew her weak spots. Not just every womans weak spots. He knew hers he knew how to make her want to cry out in pleasure and how to soothe her.There was nothing to do but test her theory and maybe break a bone. She would not submit when she had not invited him. She would notBut then she remembered her curiosity about the little boy and the great stone boulder, and she deliberately opened her mind to Damons. He fell into the trap of his own making.As soon as their minds connected there were something like fireworks. Explosions. Rockets. Stars going nova. Elena set her mind to ignoring her body and began looking for the boulder.It was deep, deep inside the most locked-off part of his brain. Deep in the eternal darkness that slept there. But Elena seemed to have brought a searchlight with her. Wherever she turned, d ark festoons of cobwebs fell and heavy-looking stone arches crumbled and fell to the ground.Dont worry, Elena found herself saying. The light wont do that to you You dont have to live down here. Ill show you the beauty of the light.What am I saying? Elena wondered even as the words left her lips. How can I promise him and maybe he likes living here in the darkBut in the next second she had come much closer to the little boy, close enough to see his pale, wondering face.You came again, he said, as if it were a miracle. You said you would come, and you didThat brought down all Elenas barriers at once. She knelt, and pulling the custody to their utmost length, took him on her lap. Are you glad that I came back? she asked gently. She was already stroking his hair smooth.Oh, yes It was a cry, and it frightened Elena almost as much as it pleased her. Youre the nicest person Ive ever the most beautiful thing I ever Hush, Elena told him, hush. Theres got to be some way to warm you up.It s the iron, the child said humbly. push keeps me weak and cold. But it has to be iron otherwise he wouldnt be able to control me.I see, Elena said grimly. She was beginning to get a get on what kind of relationship Damon had with this little boy. For a moment, on a hunch, she took two lengths of iron in her hands and tried to tear them apart. Elena had super-light here why not superpowers? But all that happened was that she twisted and turned the length for nothing, and finally cut the web of her finger against an iron burr.Oh The boys huge dark eyes obstinate on the dark bead of blood. He stared as if he were fascinated and afraid.Do you want it? Elena held out the hand to him uncertainly. What a poor scrap of a creature to be coveting other peoples blood, she thought. He nodded timidly as if he were sure shed be angry. But Elena just smiled and he reverently held her finger and took the alone globe of blood at once, closing his lips like a kiss.As he lifted his head, he seeme d to have a tinge more alter in his pale face.You told me Damon keeps you here, she said, holding him again and feeling heat being sucked from her into his cold body. Can you tell me why?The child was still licking his lips, but he turned his face toward her immediately and said, Im the Warden of Secrets. But sadly the Secrets have gotten so big that even I dont know what they are.Elena followed the motion of his head from his own small limbs to the iron chain to the huge, metallic ball. She felt a sinking inside herself and a deep pity for such a small warden. And she wondered what on earth could be inside that great stone sphere that Damon was guarding so intently.But she didnt get the chance to ask.

Jack the Ripper

Jack the Ripper Controlled assessment Alan Milne The law investigative methods were to plunk for not capturing Jack the Ripper. To what extent do you agree with this statement? I think that policing methods were to blame for jack the ripper not being caught because they were heavily influenced by the public, media and press this shows us that they were scared and intimidated by them and had to control them as riots may of broke out.Although I think they were to blame, population could argue that they werent as people debate that they tried ein truththing with what little technology they had and other resources they had. The first reason why I think they were to blame is that they were heavily influenced by media, press and the public this meant that they had to slay extra caution when taking in suspects (e. g. eather apron who was interpreted in by the police as the public were after him) as it could throw been taken the wrong stylus and a public up rage could occur which wou ld of made life harder for the police, as they were focusing all their attention on that which was a waste of their time, however they did try and tackle these problems by carrying out I. D parades, interviews and door to door methods entirely most of these were ineffective as they were held weeks after the murders, and because it was the average to be drunk at the time people would often forget about the murders appearance, only 65% of people doing I. D parades would remember the person. fucking(a) Britain) Another tactic the police used was their own officers dressing up as women or using known prostitutes to act as decoys so they could shoe collar the killer red handed, this may have worked if they carried on using it, but something that was a problem were the locations of the murders which were badly lit and Whitechapel was full of networks of small alleys, lanes, and streets which made it very easy for Jack to commit the murder and run away/ get away extremely quickly, the p olice attempted to solve this problem and sent more(prenominal) police officers out a quote to support this is They followed up every lead, however tenuous, they drafted in extra men who were to remain in Whitechapel on spunky alert (Crime archive/Val Horsler) this suggests to me that they had an effective method but didnt use it to their advantage as much as they could of done e. g. have police patrolling but others observing areas on streets corners making it another reason for them to be blamed another quote is No-one could say that there wasnt enough police patrolling the vitamin E end (The star Newspaper) there may have been a lot of officers but the location of the murders and the narrow lanes did not help them in any way as they just couldnt cover the whole of Whitechapel.Evidence that the police found was often washed away or moved from the crime scene as they thought that it would cause public/social disorder this was a major fault for the police as it could have been t he key to catching the killer or it could have helped them in their investigation, a quote to support this is Today the whole crime scene would be cordoned off and the victim remained there until examined by forensics, whereas in the Whitechapel murders police believed that they should get the body, evidence away as it causes social disorder (Definitive Jack Richard Jones Historian) this stresses the point that the police could not have their own decisions and were very worn down as it seems to us that the public controlled them. The police pressure was very weak as they didnt use methods that had great potential to their advantages. Another reason is because people that they asked to examine the body doctors / surgeons they were giving the police conflicting information. Police had conflicting information from coroners and doctors (Jack the ripper) this made it extremely difficult for the police to progress as they didnt have accurate information from one person, also technology was very poor so they couldnt have a concrete way or decision of how one of the women died.Another reason why they were weak is because a lot of immigrants lived in London but didnt speak English so police had more pressure on finding the killer but couldnt get further as they couldnt co-operate with anyone, on the other hand if they did have an interpreter not much co-operation would of occurred anyway as people were often drunk, violent and the public didnt really like the police anyway so door to door and interviewing methods were poor as they didnt co-operate. When the police had the chance of using blood hounds they should of kept using them as they were effective proven by the police today, but the public and media pressure swayed them to not use them as it was seen to be stupid and dangerous if the dogs were to attack an innocent person.Dogs in the police force were not used for another 70 years, this could have helped them catch Jack or lead them to clues. If the police had access to fingerprinting and blood testing I think that jack would have been caught and the police would have had a better reputation from the public and media. In conclusion I think that the police were to blame because they couldnt think for themselves and didnt trust their own ideas and let the public, media and the press control their actions. Also if they didnt move evidence from the crime scenes or bodies hence I think that they could have caught Jack and if they would have trusted the dogs it could have helped them a lot more.

Mobile Phone Companies Analysis

Nokia is a leading officious maneuver manufacturer glob altogethery and has a high trade place piece of ground. Maximum population in India prefers using Nokia handsets as it is user matey. It bum use its customers best ordain and committal to diversify in the rambling net profit mart in India. The communications sector in India has transformed into a multi-player and multi-product trade that has diverse market size of it and segments. In order to diversify in to saucilyborn market, Nokia ineluctably to develop a merchandise political curriculum which pull up stakes give them the idea what factors to be considered origin entirelyy entering the mobile intercommunicate sector. The trade plan includes each(prenominal) the factors that need to be undertaken. They are market analysis, competitor analysis, and environmental analysis, and customer analysis, internal and immaterial factors.The mobile network market is growing rapidly and has bang-up opportunities for saucy entrants to enter market and give market take. Though in that respect is practically fortune in this market, there are near curses such as threat from existing competitor, high customer churn rates, etc. After conducting a Porters 5 forces model on Nokia, I felt a grind analysis would analyse the macro environment of Nokia.These are all the external forces that are out of Nokias control but get down a signifi faecest af endpointath on how the familiarity op datetes and the strategic decision they lick. This model looks at the Political, Economical, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental factors relating to Nokia and the exertion they operate in. To understand the macro environment more than this condition will study each section in depth. After the completion of planning set of trade plan, an organization has to go through next stage which is strategic options. It deals with several(a) key issues that a firm needs to look at. They are marketing o bjectives, Strategic objectives, Marketing mix, STP (Segmentation, Targeting, Positioning) process, Distribution process and observe chain. Nokia was founded over 140 years ago in Finland, and since then has rick a global organisation that operates in over 120 countries worldwide.Nokia has similarly sprain a market draw in the mobile telecoms industry and is nigh known for their mobile shouts and Smartphones. Although recent competition has yarn-dyeed the market share that Nokia has in the telecommunication industry they still hold a strong29%(2011) of the market share in a forever changing industry The micro environment is the internal factors that are affected by the customers, staff, shareholders and competitors. The best model for evaluating the micro environment of Nokia is Porters 5 forces as this takes into consideration the competitors, customers, suppliers and new entrants.Company OverviewThe company was founded in 1865 by Frederick Idestam. The company began a pap er mill in Tammerkoski in southern Finland. Frederick Idestam then built another mill by the Nokiavirta River where he gave the name Nokia to the mill in 1871. Originally, the Nokianvirta River was named after a dark furry animal, locally known as the Nokia a type of marten. Following a major industrial force, the company merges with a c satisfactory company (founded by Eduard Polon) and a rubber firm (founded by Arvid Wickstrom) which sets Nokia on the new path of electronics. Nokias first electronic device was a pulse analyzer designed for use in nuclear power plants in 1962.Their interest in telecommunication systems began in 1963 when they started developing radio telephones for the army and the emergency returns, prior to the manufacturing of televisions, radio phones, data transfer equipment, radio link, analyzers and digital telephone exchange. Nokia will change its payoff and focus on the telecommunication expertise until it becomes the core of its future work.To move to mobile In 1979 Mobira Oy was the first phone maker. They begin life as a joint venture between Nokia and leading Finnish television Salora. The Mobile phone revolution started in 1981 with the launch of the first Nordic Mobile ring (NMT) service. The phone industry began to expand rapidly and Nokia introduces its first car phones followed by the portable in 1986.Mobile revolution In 1992, Nokia decides to focus on its telecommunications cable. This happens when Jorma Ollila becomes CEO of Nokia and he chooses to concentrate on telecommunication industry. In the 1990s, the rubber, cable, andconsumer electronics divisions, were therefore sold. Nokias only business turned towards the manufacturing of mobile phones and telecommunications systems. The strategy of Jorma Ollila was to create a new era of telecommunication on a long term vision.1. PESTLE Analysis of NokiaPoliticalThe Political factors relates to the factors which the government also affects such as government derangemen t or rules and regulations which the business must(prenominal)(prenominal) follow. Nokia name recently moved one of its manufacturing facilities to India, and because of this it is important that Nokia follow the rules and regulations that are set in India, so that they can operate as efficiently as possible.The types of things they will stimulate to be advised of is the minimum wage, the maximum hours a week employees can work and especially the Health and safety regulations this is to avoid any bad press or revolt from employees that will ultimately damage the reputation of Nokia some(prenominal) short term and long term. As healthy as foreign government it is vital that Nokia have a good relationship with their government in Finland, as any political instability such as a change in government or coalition may proceeds in new laws being implemented, which will affect Nokia a lotEconomicalNokia are vital to the Economy in Finland as it currently occupies a third of the mar ket on the Helsinki stock exchange. The organisation is so important to the economy of Finland that the government had to step in when the business, earlier this year Nokia planned speculate cuts in Finland and with fears of what that would do to the economy the Finnish government tell they were prepared to help produce jobs for those who are sacked (Reuters, 2011).Nokia will also have to be aware of changes in exchange rates, as they operate on a global scale and drastic changes in rates can have a devastating effect on the financial operations of the company if the business do not take appropriate steps to ensure the effects are minimum. The threat of recessionon western economy has also had an effect on the interest rates in banks, which way of life the live of borrowing money for business activities has increased and Nokia will need to be aware of the changes in interest rate.SocialWith Nokia of importly operate in the Western market it is important for them to fully unde rstand the social factors in these markets and the main factor they need to understand is the culture of the society which is to have the latest and most up to date phone, is considered a key fashion icon. Consumers are always after the most mod and best looking Smartphone because in to daylights culture people are judge on how fashionable they are by their cream of mobile phone. The increasing cause in Smartphone means when consumers bribe new mobile phones less and less consumers are choosing the standard mobiles phones over Smartphone because of the social trend in todays society. Nokia will be aware of this and may now spend the majority of their efforts developing a Smartphone that can compete with their rivals products, in order to keep up with the trends of their consumers.TechnologicalThe technological advances in the industry are vital to the success of any new Smartphone in the market that is continually growing, as the level of competition rises Nokia must ensure that their Smartphones are at the highest level of innovation. With functions such as tv camera, internet, social networking and email all necessities on Smartphones Nokia will have to think of other functions to help assure and stand out from its rivals.As tumesce as function more and more consumers are looking at the software running all the functions as a key indicator of the success and quality of the Smartphone, so Nokias alliance with Microsoft for their latest Smartphones setms a truly good move as everyone are aware of the technological capabilities of Microsoft and the value they can add to any technological product. In the past Nokia were the market leaders in innovation in the mobile phone industry, however in recent times they have seemed well off the mark and struggle to compete with their rivals. This is wherefore Nokia must consider their position in the industry and attempt to once again become themarket leader by offering a new innovative capability and get to the market before its rivals.EnvironmentalIn todays culture it is very important for organisations to be seen as environmentally friendly and ethical with its manufacturing, because of the global effect it has on global warming so Nokia must ensure that they operate in an appropriate manner. With mobile phone cycle organisations becoming more and more popular, this demonstrates how important people are regarding it. The main issue with mobile recycling is the disposal of the batteries in the phones as these can become dangerous if not disposed of appropriately.LegalIntellectual property is the key to any technological business and must be cared for and protected to the fullest amount to ensure the business does not lose out to rivals. Nokia operate in an industry where it is very difficult to have a product that is different to its competitors, when they do release a product with an innovative capability it is vital to protect the rights to it through patents, copyright, trademarks or design to ensure they are not stolen by their competitors.Not only are competitors a threat of intellectual, but Nokia must ensure they do not fall victim to counterfeiters who claim to be a Nokia products but are cheap knock-offs. As Nokia have manufacturing plants in a various countries it is extremely important that they abide by the laws and regulations set by the different countries as the laws will differ depending on the country, these can be employments laws, Health and Safety or even trade restrictions.2. Marketing strategy of NokiaNokia is a leading mobile device manufacturer globally and has a high market share. Maximum population in India prefers using Nokia handsets as it is user friendly. It can use its customers goodwill and loyalty to diversifyin the mobile network market in India.The communications sector in India has transformed into a multi-player and multi-product market that has diverse market size and segments. In order to diversify in to new market, Nokia nee ds to develop a marketing plan which will give them the idea what factors to be considered before entering the mobile network sector. The marketing plan includes all the factors that need to be undertaken. They are market analysis, competitor analysis, and environmental analysis, and customer analysis, internal and external factors.The mobile network market is growing rapidly and has good opportunities for new entrants to enter market and gain market share. Though there is much opportunity in this market, there are whatsoever threats such as threat from existing competitor, high customer churn rates, etc.MARKETING OBJECTIVES It is defined as, marketing goals that the business must achieve in order to meet its wider business objectives. Some of the main marketing objectives of an organization are to increase its market share, differentiate its products from competitors, develop pit value among its customers, and introducing new products or services in the market. The strategic obje ctives of an organization can be measured with the help of BCG matrix. BCG matrix helps to measure an organizations business units or product lines.CUSTOMER ANALYSIS At present, almost everyone uses cell phone. Therefore, the target segment for this market cannot be specific. Nokia needs to target population according to their usage by providing customize service plans so that the customer can select the plan which meets their requirements. They can also segment customers regionally as the usage is much more in urban market.MARKETING MIXIt is the most famous marketing term and is used by all organization to target its customers. The elements of marketing mix are the basis of a marketing plan. It includes 4 Ps for products and 7 Ps for services. They are Product, Price, Place, Promotion and extended Ps i.e. Physical evidence, nation and Process for services.ProductA product is a tangible thing that is sold by an organization to its customers in order to gain market share. To gain m arket share a firm needs to differentiate its products from competitors, be innovative, and eliminate the products which are not doing well in the market. In case of Nokia, it is a market leader in cell phone market. To gain market share and increase its customer base, Nokia is diversifying into SIM cards market. To differentiate its product from the competitors it has to use various strategies such as mass marketing. The product offered by Nokia i.e. SIM cards can be described with the service that they can offer.PricePrice refers to the amount a customer is willing to spend. It is determined by a number of factors such as market share, increase rate, competitor pricing, etc. Nokia has to keep its SIM card prices low in order to penetrate into the mobile network market. They need to offer service plans as per the usage of the customers. While pricing, Nokia needs to keep in mind different segments that they are targeting. For instance, different plan for youngsters, corporate, bus inesses, SBUs. They also need to constantly update its pricing in order to compete with its competitors.PlaceIt refers to geographical area where the product is placed. It also includes outlets, distribution channel. Nokia needs to make available its SIM cards both in rural and urban areas. It can also use its geographical make it to untap the rural markets which is still not correctly covered by the existing competitors. Nokia can also use its customer care centres to sell its SIM cards. Apart from this, they can provide its SIM cards to retailers and dealers.PromotionIt represents all the marketing activities that are carried to promote a product in the market. There are various mediums to promote products such as advertisements, hoardings, etc. Nokia can use various mediums to promote its SIM cards. It can use celebrities, advertisements, hoardings, sponsoring events, etc. They can also spread awareness about its SIM cards by using canopies outside colleges.SWOT ANALYSISStreng ths Huge market share Nokia has huge market share in the cell phone sector and therefore can use its image to be successful in the service provider market. World-class technology Nokia can make use of its world class research and development team to design better network coverage for its sim-cards. Geographical Reach As Nokia is one of the renowned brands globally, its presence in the market is very high and can use this to provide its sim-cards service to majority of population.WeaknessNew in the market As Nokia is new in the service provider market, it will be difficult to attract customers towards its sim-cards and service plans. exalted customer churn rate Due to many competitors in the market and less margin to differentiate the service from competitors, customers switch from one service provider to other if they are not satisfied with its service.OpportunitiesUntapped Market Nokia is new to the service provider market and has an opportunity to explore the market. High market growth rate As the number of people using mobile phones is increasing rapidly. There is high growth rate in the market. Increase Market assign Nokia can increase its market share by untapping the service provider market and increasing its customer base.ThreatsCompetitors threat Nokia face competitors threat from market leaders such as Airtel, Vodafone and also from new entrant Aircel which has been successful to gain market share within a short period. Global recession It lead to lessamount of disposable income with the customers. Hence, customers think twice before investing his money. Market Saturation It poses as another threat if the service provider market saturates due to financial crisis caused by recession.3. Porters AnalysisI. Threat of new entrants The mobile phone industry is already a well established market and the threat of a new entrant is quite low, as the technology needed to rival the devices already available is quite advance if they desire to differentiate fro m them. The barriers to entry in the mobile phone industry is high because any new entrants will need high investments in R&D, technology and marketing in order to compete with the established organizations. New entrants want to take market share from the larger organisations but Nokia hold 29% of the market share in the industry, the highest market share in the industry. (BBC News, 2011) The threat of new entrants into the mobile phone industry is very unlikely as the start up cost of entering into the market at a high level needs a lot of investments and time to be considered a respectable competitor of the already established organisations.Nokia currently hold a 29% of the entire mobile phone market worldwide and for a new competitor to obtain some of their market will take either a very long term plan or something that is truly innovative and unseen before. This is because realistically the new entrant will need very high investment for R&D and marketing, and would not be able to publish positive result for a long time as they try to build a customer base and a name for itself in an established market. In conclusion the threat of new entrants is very low and not a factor which Nokia will have to worry about in the near future.II. Power of suppliers Although Nokia rely on its suppliers to supply equipment for their advanced mobile phones there are actually a number of large equipment makers, which Nokia could switch to. The software suppliers for their Smartphones arenow Microsoft, who will have a very high bargaining power. As the leading mobile phone company in the industry they are in a very strong position when bargaining with their suppliers. Nokia are in the position where they can bargain and negotiate with any mobile phone hardware maker because there is a high number of equipment suppliers that are readily available to them should their current suppliers attempt to bargain for more money with them.Nokias main argument would be the fact that the y are a global organisation that has the highest market share in the industry, so the suppliers would not want to lose such an illustrious organisation. On the other hand, Nokia have recently created an alliance with Microsoft for their software which would be considered a major coup for Nokia more than Microsoft. As a result, Microsoft will have a lot of power when negotiating a price and share because the deal is more beneficial to Nokia than Microsoft. In conclusion, there is a moderate threat from the powers of suppliers because although the hardware suppliers have a very low power, Microsofts power over the software is very high because theyre very few other organisations who have the expertise and skills to rival Microsoft.III. Powers of buyers The power that customers have is rising because of the increasing number of choices in the mobile telecommunication industry. With a lot of the Nokia competitors all offering similar packages (e.g. absolute texts and calls) the indus try is very price sensitive with customers seeking out the best value for money. Many of the consumers will also be tied into long term contracts so switching from one handset to another will be difficult and expensive for the consumer, as a result they may not want to change until the contract is finished.The mobile phone industry is a competitive market where the number of choices is very wide, resulting in the consumer having a lot of power because they can choose to go to one of Nokias many rivals if they feel Nokia are not good enough. As Nokia do not have a bet store to sell to their consumers, intermediaries such as Carphone warehouse or network stores such as Orange also have other handsets readily available for the consumers, which makes it difficult for Nokia to have a direct impact on the selling of their handsets. As a result this has created a very price sensitive market because consumers will always be on the lookout for thebest deals. In conclusion, the buyers have a high amount of power because of the other handsets they can purchase instead of Nokia.IV. Threats of substitutes products Mobile phones are an everyday essential in peoples lives today and people would find it hard to replace, as customers would not be able to be in constant tie-in when away from the house. On the other hand, it could be said that customers would be able to contact people through others types of media such as social networking websites, email and home telephones. Although staying in constant contact would be hard in customers day to day life. However, smart phones are capable of a lot of functions so there are many substitutes if the substitute focuses on one of the functions, e.g. digital camera can take better photos then smart phones, notebooks can surf the web ripe as effectively and PDAs can plan a day the uniform way a smart phone can. Mobile phones have become an everyday necessity in peoples lives because of the important functions that they can do an d are all available in just one handset.No other product has the ability to make phone calls, send messages, surf the web and many more in one device. The idea of being in constant communication with someone at anytime and anywhere makes the mobile phone a very important device to people. On the other hand, a mobile phone can be dissected into the key function where there are substitutes for the functions, such as the camera function on a mobile phone can be substituted for a digital camera which can do a better job than the camera in a mobile phone.In conclusion, the threat of a substitute product is very low due to the fact a mobile phone is no longer just for making calls but for all the other function as well are expected on all mobile phones. So, the only real substitute is to buy all the functions of a mobile phone in the individual products which would not be plausible to carry all just about on a person at the same time. Without mobile phones consumers would find it very di fficult to replace, as it can offer so much to the consumers all in one device, no matter what the needs of the consumer are. Consumers rely on mobile phones a lot and would not be able to find a substitute that has all the function of a mobile phone.V. Competitive rivalry Nokia rivals have moved to smart phones and androids while Nokia have only just recently released their first smart phones leaving them trailing their rivals such as apple and HTC. There is also very little differentiation between the competitors which means any new smart phones in the market, like Nokia Lumia, will find it difficult to tempt existing iphone and HTC customers to switch. Intense competition from large companies such as Apple, HTC, Blackberry, Sony Ericcson and LG, ect. Nokia operate in an industry where the competition is extremely fierce with high investment in R&B and marketing to compete with some of the biggest organisations in the world. This year Nokias market share has dropped to 29% and it is forecast to continue to fall because of the rising popularity of the Apple Iphone.After Nokias slow move into the Smartphone market it has left-hand(a) them trailing their rivals, and has just released their Lumia range which will find it difficult to compete and win over consumers from their Iphones. In conclusion, competitive rivalry is very high and Nokia must be aware of the threat that competitors have on their business especially with the growing popularity of the Apple iphone and RIM blackberry. The competitive rivalry is the biggest threat to Nokia because in the Smartphone market they are considerably behind and to increase their market share will take a lot of work in a market where some of the biggest names in business operate in such as Apple and Sony.Competitive environments of Nokia For more than a decade, Nokia has been the iconic leader in the industry. However, the iPhone revolution (as well as the growth of a fully vertically integrated and higher next impor tant step in this process of assessing the external environment will be to show the current picture of Nokias competitors. Hardwarehly diverse group like Samsung) has disturbed the industry.The latest data clearly highlighted several pivotal points Firstly, Nokia reported smartphone sales of about US$ 3.4 billion for Q2 2011, while Apples iPhone taxation totaled US$ 13.3 billion this makes Apple the leaderof the industry as it shipped 20 million iPhones. It is also important to understand that the average sale price (ASP) of an iPhone is more than US$ 600, while Nokia reports a smartphone ASP of around US$ 200. Secondly, Nokia was previously the market share leader, having more than one-third of the worldwide smartphone market in Q2 2010. However, one year later, this figure has decreased to only 15.7% and Nokia is the only brand that has lost market share, reporting a negative growth of 30%.The chart above shows the operating sugar from the sale of mobile phones among the main vendors. During the second quarter of 2011, Nokia, Motorola, Sony-Ericsson and LG saw losses and did not manage to generate a profit by selling phones. During the same period, RIM and Samsung saw their shares just about decrease but Apple grew substantially and this company now represents two-thirds of the industry with operating profit of 66.3%.From the same graph, we can also confirm that Motorola and LG are oft making losses this may explain why Google bought Motorola last month and why LG is considering exiting the industry before the end of 2011. The chart above clearly confirms that Nokias problems are not recent it shows the change in profit share over a four-year period and we can see that Nokia has slowly lost profits and market shares to Apple. As of September 2011, Apple is currently taking 84% of the profits generated by modern smartphones this means that Nokias main artificial lake of revenue is the low-end classic mobile phone.Software The OSThe previous section hig hlighted the fact that Nokia saw its market share and profits decrease over the last four years, and during the same period, Apple and the iPhone took 84% of the overall profits. By studying the operating system (OS), as well as the applications that are developed by the industry, we will be able to understand how its new competitor, Apple, surpassed the previously successful Nokia. SymbianSymbian v9 was launched in 2005 and in December 2008, Nokia bought Symbian Ltd., the company behind Symbian OS and made it an open source system. Nokias Symbian platform market share increased to 47% but in 2010 it started to plateau and is now declining sharply, currently representing lessthan 16% of new mobile phone operating systems. Symbian was mostly used by the Nokia Group and other manufacturers like LG, Motorola, Samsung and Sony Ericsson.Symbian remains the most used OS due to its very large installed based (more than five hundred million mobile phones). However, Googles Android has emer ged as a significant challenger to the superiority of Symbian by providing a developer-friendly OS combined with better innovative functionalities, a better user interface and coming from a consumer-friendly brand (Android by Google). AndroidGoogles Android was launched as a free and open source operating system in 2008 and within two years, it grew from having 0% to 21% of the market share. As of 2011, Googles Android operating system is installed on one hundred thirty million devices and it is used extensively by leading smartphone manufactures like Samsung, Motorola and HTC.Windows Phone 7The Windows Phone 7 was showcased at the beginning of 2010 and represented a significant ascent to the struggling Windows Mobile 6 OS. Early signs were mixed but the OS was generally well received and Microsoft also created important new features like Zune, Bing, Xbox belong and Windows Marketplace. However, the Windows Phone arrived late on the market in comparison to the Apple iOS or Android and the OS was not free and fully open source.In supercilious 2011, during his keynote speech at the 2011 Microsoft Worldwide Partner Conference, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer admitted that Microsoft simply hasnt gained any traction and that Microsoft has failed. Based on the latest figures from Nielsen, Windows Phone 7 sales only represent 9% of the market, compared to 38% for Android and 27% for the iPhone. In order to picture this incredible landscape modification in terms of the OS, both graphs below show how the top smartphone platform has moved from Symbian to Android in fewer than 4 years.Mobile applications The previous sections described how the Nokia ecosystem Symbian failed to compete with Apple or Google. In this section, we will see how this issue also affected the developer community and therefore the applications available on Nokias mobile phones and smartphones. Firstly, by analysingthe number of applications available in the Nokia application store (called OVI) we c an see from the graph below that OVI has only 46,000 applications when Android or Apple have over 300,000 applications. However, we can also see from the same graph that the trend is slowly growing, confirming the idea that some developers remain interested in developing applications on Nokias Symbian platform, even though this platform is less competitive than Android or Windows Phone 7.ConclusionNokias strategy to diversify from cell phone manufacture to Nokia mobile network will be a great success. Moreover, it can use its goodwill and loyalty of people towards Nokia cell phone to use its sim-cards. As majority of service providers focus on urban areas, Nokia can use its geographical reach to uncap the rural market.In order to diversify its business in to mobile network market, Nokia needs to make use of its leading mobile phones manufacturer image. As Nokia has build loyalty among its mobile phone users, it can use this for attracting customers towards its SIM cards and thereby gain market share. Also with its world class R & D department, it can offer many services to its customers which will help them to differentiate in their service offering from its competitors. For instance, video calling, free roaming, outgoing call restriction, etc.By focusing more on rural market which is untap to a certain extent, Nokia can fit its customers in rural areas which most of the existing players are not successful. Also by offering customize service plans to its customers such as offering SmS package, bottomless internet package, Free Hello tune, and so on with minimum price. Nokia can also make tie-ups with existing players such as Airtel, Vodafone, Aircel in order to gain larger market share.It can also offer better deals to customers who are buying Nokia handsets on its SIM cards which will increase its sales as well as customer base. This will help them to develop loyalty among its customers. In order to diversify in to SIM cards segment, Nokia needs to use mass marketing by implementing various promotion strategies such as Advertisements, Hoardings, Sponsoring events, canopies outside colleges andso on. Nokia also needs to plan its distribution strategy in order to reach to maximum people. They can also use their Connecting People tagline in its SIM card, thereby giving additional meaning to it.Thus, to diversify in to SIM card market is a better option for Nokia to increase its market share and revenue. Also this will help them to build larger customer base which will ultimately result in one of the leading brands in the telecommunications industry.